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37前端路由原理vue-router源码剖析

你好,我是大圣。

上一讲我们学习了下一代Vuex框架Pinia的原理今天我来带你分析Vue生态中另外一个重要的框架vue-router的源码。

课程中我们也实现过一个迷你的router我们通过监听路由的变化把路由数据包裹成响应式对象后一旦路由发生变化我们就去定义好的路由数据中查询当前路由对应的组件在router-view中渲染即可。今天我们就进入到vue-router源码的内部看一下实际的vue-router和我们实现的迷你版本有什么区别。

vue-router入口分析

vue-router提供了createRouter方法来创建路由配置我们传入每个路由地址对应的组件后使用app.use在Vue中加载vue-router插件并且给Vue注册了两个内置组件router-view负责渲染当前路由匹配的组件router-link负责页面的跳转。

我们先来看下createRouter如何实现,完整的代码你可以在GitHub上看到。这个函数比较长还好我们有TypeScript我们先看下createRouter的参数。

在下面的代码中参数RouterOptions是规范我们配置的路由对象主要包含history、routes等数据。routes就是我们需要配置的路由对象类型是RouteRecordRaw组成的数组并且RouteRecordRaw的类型是三个类型的合并。然后返回值的类型Router就是包含了addRoute、push、beforeEnter、install方法的一个对象并且维护了currentRoute和options两个属性

并且每个类型方法还有详细的注释这也极大降低了阅读源码的门槛可以帮助我们在看到函数的类型时就知道函数大概的功能。我们知道Vue中app.use实际上执行的就是router对象内部的install方法我们先进入到install方法看下是如何安装的。

// createRouter传递参数的类型
export interface RouterOptions extends PathParserOptions {
  history: RouterHistory
  routes: RouteRecordRaw[]
  scrollBehavior?: RouterScrollBehavior
  ...
}
// 每个路由配置的类型
export type RouteRecordRaw =
  | RouteRecordSingleView
  | RouteRecordMultipleViews
  | RouteRecordRedirect

//... other config
// Router接口的全部方法和属性
export interface Router {
  readonly currentRoute: Ref<RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded>
  readonly options: RouterOptions

  addRoute(parentName: RouteRecordName, route: RouteRecordRaw): () => void
  addRoute(route: RouteRecordRaw): () => void
  Route(name: RouteRecordName): void
  hasRoute(name: RouteRecordName): boolean

  getRoutes(): RouteRecord[]
  resolve(
    to: RouteLocationRaw,
    currentLocation?: RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded
  ): RouteLocation & { href: string }
  push(to: RouteLocationRaw): Promise<NavigationFailure | void | undefined>
  replace(to: RouteLocationRaw): Promise<NavigationFailure | void | undefined>
  back(): ReturnType<Router['go']>
  forward(): ReturnType<Router['go']>
  go(delta: number): void
  beforeEach(guard: NavigationGuardWithThis<undefined>): () => void
  beforeResolve(guard: NavigationGuardWithThis<undefined>): () => void
  afterEach(guard: NavigationHookAfter): () => void
  onError(handler: _ErrorHandler): () => void
  isReady(): Promise<void>
  install(app: App): void
}





export function createRouter(options: RouterOptions): Router {



}

路由安装

从下面的代码中我们可以看到在createRouter的最后创建了包含addRoute、push等方法的对象并且install方法内部注册了RouterLink和RouterView两个组件。所以我们可以在任何组件内部直接使用和组件然后注册全局变量$router和$route其中$router就是我们通过createRouter返回的路由对象包含addRoute、push等方法$route使用defineProperty的形式返回currentRoute的值可以做到和currentRoute值同步。

然后使用computed把路由变成响应式对象存储在reactiveRoute对象中再通过app.provide给全局注册了route和reactive包裹后的reactiveRoute对象。我们之前介绍provide函数的时候也介绍了provide提供的数据并没有做响应式的封装需要响应式的时候需要自己使用ref或者reactive封装为响应式对象最后注册unmount方法实现vue-router的安装。

export function createRouter(options: RouterOptions): Router {
....
  let started: boolean | undefined
  const installedApps = new Set<App>()
  // 路由对象
  const router: Router = {
    currentRoute,

    addRoute,
    removeRoute,
    hasRoute,
    getRoutes,
    resolve,
    options,

    push,
    replace,
    go,
    back: () => go(-1),
    forward: () => go(1),

    beforeEach: beforeGuards.add,
    beforeResolve: beforeResolveGuards.add,
    afterEach: afterGuards.add,

    onError: errorHandlers.add,
    isReady,
    // 插件按章
    install(app: App) {
      const router = this
      // 注册全局组件 router-link和router-view
      app.component('RouterLink', RouterLink)
      app.component('RouterView', RouterView)

      app.config.globalProperties.$router = router
      Object.defineProperty(app.config.globalProperties, '$route', {
        enumerable: true,
        get: () => unref(currentRoute),
      })
      if (
        isBrowser &&
        !started &&
        currentRoute.value === START_LOCATION_NORMALIZED
      ) {
        // see above
        started = true
        push(routerHistory.location).catch(err => {
          if (__DEV__) warn('Unexpected error when starting the router:', err)
        })
      }

      const reactiveRoute = {} as {
        [k in keyof RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded]: ComputedRef<
          RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded[k]
        >
      }
      for (const key in START_LOCATION_NORMALIZED) {
        // @ts-expect-error: the key matches
        reactiveRoute[key] = computed(() => currentRoute.value[key])
      }
      // 提供全局配置
      app.provide(routerKey, router)
      app.provide(routeLocationKey, reactive(reactiveRoute))
      app.provide(routerViewLocationKey, currentRoute)

      const unmountApp = app.unmount
      installedApps.add(app)
      app.unmount = function () {
        installedApps.delete(app)
        // ...
        unmountApp()
      }

      if ((__DEV__ || __FEATURE_PROD_DEVTOOLS__) && isBrowser) {
        addDevtools(app, router, matcher)
      }
    },
  }

  return router
}

路由对象创建和安装之后,我们下一步需要了解的就是router-link和router-view两个组件的实现方式

通过下面的代码我们可以看到RouterView的setup函数返回了一个函数这个函数就是RouterView组件的render函数。大部分我们使用的方式就是一个组件没有slot情况下返回的就是component变量。component使用h函数返回ViewComponent的虚拟DOM而ViewComponent是根据matchedRoute.components[props.name]计算而来。

matchedRoute依赖的matchedRouteRef的计算逻辑在如下代码的第1215行数据来源injectedRoute就是上面我们注入的currentRoute对象。

export const RouterViewImpl = /*#__PURE__*/ defineComponent({
  name: 'RouterView',
  props: {
    name: {
      type: String as PropType<string>,
      default: 'default',
    },
    route: Object as PropType<RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded>,
  },
  // router-view组件源码
  setup(props, { attrs, slots }) {
    // 全局的reactiveRoute对象注入
    const injectedRoute = inject(routerViewLocationKey)!
    
    const routeToDisplay = computed(() => props.route || injectedRoute.value)
    const depth = inject(viewDepthKey, 0)
    const matchedRouteRef = computed<RouteLocationMatched | undefined>(
      () => routeToDisplay.value.matched[depth]
    )
    // 嵌套层级
    provide(viewDepthKey, depth + 1)
    // 匹配的router对象
    provide(matchedRouteKey, matchedRouteRef)
    provide(routerViewLocationKey, routeToDisplay)

    const viewRef = ref<ComponentPublicInstance>()
    // 返回的render函数
    return () => {
      const route = routeToDisplay.value
      const matchedRoute = matchedRouteRef.value
      const ViewComponent = matchedRoute && matchedRoute.components[props.name]
      const currentName = props.name

      if (!ViewComponent) {
        return normalizeSlot(slots.default, { Component: ViewComponent, route })
      }

      // props from route configuration
      const routePropsOption = matchedRoute!.props[props.name]
      const routeProps = routePropsOption
        ? routePropsOption === true
          ? route.params
          : typeof routePropsOption === 'function'
          ? routePropsOption(route)
          : routePropsOption
        : null

      const onVnodeUnmounted: VNodeProps['onVnodeUnmounted'] = vnode => {
        // remove the instance reference to prevent leak
        if (vnode.component!.isUnmounted) {
          matchedRoute!.instances[currentName] = null
        }
      }
      // 创建需要渲染组件的虚拟dom
      const component = h(
        ViewComponent,
        assign({}, routeProps, attrs, {
          onVnodeUnmounted,
          ref: viewRef,
        })
      )
  
      return (
        // pass the vnode to the slot as a prop.
        // h and <component :is="..."> both accept vnodes
        normalizeSlot(slots.default, { Component: component, route }) ||
        component
      )
    }
  },
})

路由更新

到这我们可以看出RouterView渲染的组件是由当前匹配的路由变量matchedRoute决定的。接下来我们回到createRouter函数中可以看到matcher对象是由createRouterMatcher创建createRouterMatcher函数传入routes配置的路由数组并且返回创建的RouterMatcher对象内部遍历routes数组通过addRoute挨个处理路由配置。

export function createRouter(options: RouterOptions): Router {
  const matcher = createRouterMatcher(options.routes, options)
  ///....
}
export function createRouterMatcher(
  routes: RouteRecordRaw[],
  globalOptions: PathParserOptions
): RouterMatcher {
  // matchers数组
  const matchers: RouteRecordMatcher[] = []
  // matcher对象
  const matcherMap = new Map<RouteRecordName, RouteRecordMatcher>()
  globalOptions = mergeOptions(
    { strict: false, end: true, sensitive: false } as PathParserOptions,
    globalOptions
  )
  function addRoute(){}
  function remoteRoute(){}
  function getRoutes(){
    return matchers
  }  
  function insertMatcher(){}
  function resolve(){}
  // add initial routes
  routes.forEach(route => addRoute(route))

  return { addRoute, resolve, removeRoute, getRoutes, getRecordMatcher }
}

在下面的代码中我们可以看到addRoute函数内部通过createRouteRecordMatcher创建扩展之后的matcher对象包括了record、parent、children等树形可以很好地描述路由之间的嵌套父子关系。这样整个路由对象就已经创建完毕那我们如何在路由切换的时候寻找到正确的路由对象呢

function addRoute(    
  record: RouteRecordRaw,
  parent?: RouteRecordMatcher,
  originalRecord?: RouteRecordMatcher
){
  if ('alias' in record) {
    // 标准化alias
  }
  for (const normalizedRecord of normalizedRecords) {
    // ...
    matcher = createRouteRecordMatcher(normalizedRecord, parent, options)
    insertMatcher(matcher)
      
  }
  return originalMatcher
    ? () => {
        // since other matchers are aliases, they should be removed by the original matcher
        removeRoute(originalMatcher!)
      }
    : noop

}

export function createRouteRecordMatcher(
  record: Readonly<RouteRecord>,
  parent: RouteRecordMatcher | undefined,
  options?: PathParserOptions
): RouteRecordMatcher {
  const parser = tokensToParser(tokenizePath(record.path), options)
  const matcher: RouteRecordMatcher = assign(parser, {
    record,
    parent,
    // these needs to be populated by the parent
    children: [],
    alias: [],
  })

  if (parent) {
    if (!matcher.record.aliasOf === !parent.record.aliasOf)
      parent.children.push(matcher)
  }

  return matcher
}


在vue-router中路由更新可以通过router-link渲染的链接实现也可以使用router对象的push等方法实现。下面的代码中router-link组件内部也是渲染一个a标签并且注册了a标签的onClick函数内部也是通过router.replace或者router.push来实现。


export const RouterLinkImpl = /*#__PURE__*/ defineComponent({
  name: 'RouterLink',
  props: {
    to: {
      type: [String, Object] as PropType<RouteLocationRaw>,
      required: true,
    },
      ...
  },
  // router-link源码
  setup(props, { slots }) {
    const link = reactive(useLink(props))
    const { options } = inject(routerKey)!

    const elClass = computed(() => ({
      ...
    }))

    return () => {
      const children = slots.default && slots.default(link)
      return props.custom
        ? children
        : h(
            'a',
            {
              href: link.href,
              onClick: link.navigate,
              class: elClass.value,
            },
            children
          )
    }
  },
})
//  跳转
  function navigate(
    e: MouseEvent = {} as MouseEvent
  ): Promise<void | NavigationFailure> {
    if (guardEvent(e)) {
      return router[unref(props.replace) ? 'replace' : 'push'](
        unref(props.to)
        // avoid uncaught errors are they are logged anyway
      ).catch(noop)
    }
    return Promise.resolve()
  }


现在我们回到createRouter函数中可以看到push函数直接调用了pushWithRedirect函数来实现内部通过resolve(to)生成targetLocation变量。这个变量会赋值给toLocation然后执行navigate(toLocation)函数。而这个函数内部会执行一系列的导航守卫函数最后会执行finalizeNavigation函数完成导航。

function push(to: RouteLocationRaw | RouteLocation) {
  return pushWithRedirect(to)
}

function replace(to: RouteLocationRaw | RouteLocationNormalized) {
  return push(assign(locationAsObject(to), { replace: true }))
}
// 路由跳转函数
function pushWithRedirect(
  to: RouteLocationRaw | RouteLocation,
  redirectedFrom?: RouteLocation
): Promise<NavigationFailure | void | undefined> {
  const targetLocation: RouteLocation = (pendingLocation = resolve(to))
  const from = currentRoute.value
  const data: HistoryState | undefined = (to as RouteLocationOptions).state
  const force: boolean | undefined = (to as RouteLocationOptions).force
  // to could be a string where `replace` is a function
  const replace = (to as RouteLocationOptions).replace === true



  const toLocation = targetLocation as RouteLocationNormalized

  
  return (failure ? Promise.resolve(failure) : navigate(toLocation, from))
    .catch((error: NavigationFailure | NavigationRedirectError) =>
      isNavigationFailure(error)
        ? error
        : // reject any unknown error
          triggerError(error, toLocation, from)
    )
    .then((failure: NavigationFailure | NavigationRedirectError | void) => {

        failure = finalizeNavigation(
          toLocation as RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded,
          from,
          true,
          replace,
          data
        )

      triggerAfterEach(
        toLocation as RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded,
        from,
        failure
      )
      return failure
    })
}

在下面的代码中我们可以看到finalizeNavigation函数内部通过routerHistory.push或者replace实现路由跳转并且更新currentRoute.value。

currentRoute就是我们在install方法中注册的全局变量$route每次页面跳转currentRoute都会更新为toLocation在任意组件中都可以通过$route变量来获取当前路由的数据最后在handleScroll设置滚动行为

routerHistory在createRouter中通过option.history获取就是我们创建vue-router应用时通过createWebHistory或者createWebHashHistory创建的对象。createWebHistory返回的是HTML5的history模式路由对象createWebHashHistory是Hash模式的路由对象。

  function finalizeNavigation(
    toLocation: RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded,
    from: RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded,
    isPush: boolean,
    replace?: boolean,
    data?: HistoryState
  ): NavigationFailure | void {



    const isFirstNavigation = from === START_LOCATION_NORMALIZED
    const state = !isBrowser ? {} : history.state

    if (isPush) {

      if (replace || isFirstNavigation)
        routerHistory.replace(
          toLocation.fullPath
        )
      else routerHistory.push(toLocation.fullPath, data)
    }

    // accept current navigation
    currentRoute.value = toLocation
    handleScroll(toLocation, from, isPush, isFirstNavigation)

    markAsReady()
  }
  
  function markAsReady(err?: any): void {
    if (ready) return
    ready = true
    setupListeners()
    readyHandlers
      .list()
      .forEach(([resolve, reject]) => (err ? reject(err) : resolve()))
    readyHandlers.reset()
  }

下面的代码中我们可以看到createWebHashHistory和createWebHistory的实现内部都是通过useHistoryListeners实现路由的监听通过useHistoryStateNavigation实现路由的切换。useHistoryStateNavigation会返回push或者replace方法来更新路由这两个函数你可以在GitHub上自行学习。

export function createWebHashHistory(base?: string): RouterHistory {
  base = location.host ? base || location.pathname + location.search : ''
  // allow the user to provide a `#` in the middle: `/base/#/app`
  if (!base.includes('#')) base += '#'
  return createWebHistory(base)
}



export function createWebHistory(base?: string): RouterHistory {
  base = normalizeBase(base)

  const historyNavigation = useHistoryStateNavigation(base)
  const historyListeners = useHistoryListeners(
    base,
    historyNavigation.state,
    historyNavigation.location,
    historyNavigation.replace
  )
  function go(delta: number, triggerListeners = true) {
    if (!triggerListeners) historyListeners.pauseListeners()
    history.go(delta)
  }

  const routerHistory: RouterHistory = assign(
    {
      // it's overridden right after
      location: '',
      base,
      go,
      createHref: createHref.bind(null, base),
    },

    historyNavigation,
    historyListeners
  )

  Object.defineProperty(routerHistory, 'location', {
    enumerable: true,
    get: () => historyNavigation.location.value,
  })

  Object.defineProperty(routerHistory, 'state', {
    enumerable: true,
    get: () => historyNavigation.state.value,
  })

  return routerHistory
}


总结

以上就是今天的主要内容,我们来总结一下。

这节课我们进入到vue-router的源码中分析了vue-router内部的执行逻辑其实我们之前课上已经实现了迷你的vue-router在掌握了前端路由实现的原理后再来看实际的vue-router源码难度会下降不少。

首先我们分析了createRouter函数入口函数createRouter函数返回了router对象router对象提供了addRoute、push等方法并且在install方法中实现了路由注册了组件router-link和router-view。

然后通过createRouterMatcher创建路由匹配对象并且在路由变化的时候维护currentRoute让你可以在每个组件内部$router和$route获取路由匹配的数据并且动态渲染当前路由匹配的组件到router-view组件内部实现了前端的路由系统。

这一讲我们也能感受到一个玩具的router和实际的vue-router的距离也能体会到TypeScript在我们阅读代码时的好处。我们阅读源码的目的之一就是要学习和模仿优秀框架内部的设计思路然后去优化自己项目中的代码学会模仿也是一个优秀程序员的优秀品质。

思考

最后留给你一个思考题navigate函数负责执行路由守卫的功能你知道它的内部是如何实现的吗

欢迎在评论区分享你的答案,我们下一讲再见!