diff --git a/cyclic_barrier/h2o.go b/cyclic_barrier/h2o.go
index 9bcda64..ce6a082 100644
--- a/cyclic_barrier/h2o.go
+++ b/cyclic_barrier/h2o.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ type H2O struct {
 	semaH *semaphore.Weighted
 	semaO *semaphore.Weighted
 	cb    cyclicbarrier.CyclicBarrier
-	wg    sync.WaitGroup
 }
 
 func NewH2O() *H2O {
@@ -69,26 +68,27 @@ func (h *H2O) Gen(num uint) <-chan string {
 	releaseOxygen := func() {
 		ch <- "O"
 	}
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 
 	// 使用 WaitGroup 等待所有的 goroutine 完成
-	h.wg.Add(numInt * sum)
+	wg.Add(numInt * sum)
 	for i := 0; i < numInt*H2OHydrogenNum; i++ {
 		go func() {
 			time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(100)) * time.Millisecond)
 			h.hydrogen(releaseHydrogen)
-			h.wg.Done()
+			wg.Done()
 		}()
 	}
 	for i := 0; i < numInt*H2OOxygenNum; i++ {
 		go func() {
 			time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(100)) * time.Millisecond)
 			h.oxygen(releaseOxygen)
-			h.wg.Done()
+			wg.Done()
 		}()
 	}
 
 	go func() {
-		h.wg.Wait()
+		wg.Wait()
 		close(ch)
 	}()
 
diff --git a/err_group/weather.go b/err_group/weather.go
index 6793db1..e3e9ca7 100644
--- a/err_group/weather.go
+++ b/err_group/weather.go
@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@ package err_group
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"math/rand"
 	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
 type WeatherData struct {
@@ -17,30 +18,22 @@ var WeatherList = []string{"晴", "阴", "多云", "小雨", "大雨"}
 
 // fetchWeatherData 获取天气数据
 func fetchWeatherData(ctx context.Context, city string) (*WeatherData, error) {
-	done := make(chan struct{}, 1) // 用于指示数据获取成功完成
-	data := new(WeatherData)
-
-	// 启动一个goroutine来获取天气数据
-	go func() {
-		// 这里仅为示例，实际中这里会是API调用
-		// 为了模拟可能出现的超时或错误情况，这里随机地休眠一段时间
-		time.Sleep(time.Duration(rand.Intn(500)) * time.Millisecond)
-		data.City = city
-		// 随机天气
-		data.Weather = WeatherList[rand.Intn(len(WeatherList))]
-		// 随机温度
-		data.Temp = rand.Intn(40)
-		done <- struct{}{}
-	}()
-
+	// 这里仅为示例，实际中这里会是 API 调用
+	// 为了模拟可能出现的超时或错误情况，这里随机休眠一段时间
+	delay := time.Duration(rand.Intn(500)) * time.Millisecond
 	select {
 	case <-ctx.Done():
-		// 如果上下文被取消，返回错误
 		return nil, ctx.Err()
-	case <-done:
-		// 如果数据获取成功完成，返回数据
-		return data, nil
+	case <-time.After(delay):
 	}
+
+	return &WeatherData{
+		City: city,
+		// 随机天气
+		Weather: WeatherList[rand.Intn(len(WeatherList))],
+		// 随机温度
+		Temp: rand.Intn(40),
+	}, nil
 }
 
 func GetAllCityWeatherData(timeOut time.Duration) ([]*WeatherData, error) {
@@ -53,11 +46,10 @@ func GetAllCityWeatherData(timeOut time.Duration) ([]*WeatherData, error) {
 
 	// 城市列表
 	cities := []string{"New York", "Tokyo", "Berlin", "Paris", "Beijing"}
-	list := make([]*WeatherData, 0, len(cities))
+	list := make([]*WeatherData, len(cities))
 
 	// 循环启动goroutine来获取每个城市的天气数据
-	for _, city := range cities {
-		city := city
+	for i, city := range cities {
 		g.Go(func() error {
 			// FetchWeatherData使用了上下文，如果上下文被取消，它应该立刻尝试返回
 			data, err := fetchWeatherData(ctx, city)
@@ -65,8 +57,8 @@ func GetAllCityWeatherData(timeOut time.Duration) ([]*WeatherData, error) {
 				return err
 			}
 
-			// 如果没有错误，将数据添加到列表中
-			list = append(list, data)
+			// 每个协程写入固定下标，避免并发 append 数据竞争
+			list[i] = data
 			return nil
 		})
 	}
diff --git a/err_group/weather_test.go b/err_group/weather_test.go
index e1245c2..15e2e2a 100644
--- a/err_group/weather_test.go
+++ b/err_group/weather_test.go
@@ -6,11 +6,15 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestGetAllCityWeatherData(t *testing.T) {
-	list, err := GetAllCityWeatherData(500 * time.Millisecond)
+	list, err := GetAllCityWeatherData(2 * time.Second)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
+	if len(list) != 5 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 5 weather records, got %d", len(list))
+	}
+
 	for _, data := range list {
 		t.Logf("%s: %s, %d", data.City, data.Weather, data.Temp)
 	}
diff --git a/lock_free/delay_queue.go b/lock_free/delay_queue.go
index 3a279e6..76e1b55 100644
--- a/lock_free/delay_queue.go
+++ b/lock_free/delay_queue.go
@@ -43,12 +43,18 @@ func (q *DelayLkQueue[TKey, TValue]) CancellableDelayEnqueue(key TKey, value TVa
 	q.m.Lock()
 	defer q.m.Unlock()
 	if timer, ok := q.timers[key]; ok {
-		timer.Stop()
+		if timer.Stop() {
+			q.delayCount.Add(^uint64(0))
+		}
 	}
 	q.delayCount.Add(1)
 	q.timers[key] = time.AfterFunc(duration, func() {
 		q.delayCount.Add(^uint64(0))
+
+		q.m.Lock()
 		delete(q.timers, key)
+		q.m.Unlock()
+
 		q.Enqueue(value)
 	})
 }
@@ -58,9 +64,10 @@ func (q *DelayLkQueue[TKey, TValue]) CancelDelayEnqueue(key TKey) {
 	q.m.Lock()
 	defer q.m.Unlock()
 	if timer, ok := q.timers[key]; ok {
-		q.delayCount.Add(^uint64(0))
+		if timer.Stop() {
+			q.delayCount.Add(^uint64(0))
+		}
 		delete(q.timers, key)
-		timer.Stop()
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/lock_free/queues.go b/lock_free/queues.go
index 62f41cc..34808f8 100644
--- a/lock_free/queues.go
+++ b/lock_free/queues.go
@@ -34,11 +34,21 @@ func (q *Queues[TKey, TValue, TRoute]) SetExpireAutoFail(expireAutoFail time.Dur
 // checkAckStatus 检查确认状态
 func (q *Queues[TKey, TValue, TRoute]) checkAckStatus(route TRoute) {
 	if ack, ok := q.ack.Load(route); ok && !q.autoAck {
-		if status, exist := <-ack.(chan bool); !status && exist {
-			if msg, ok := q.msgs.LoadAndDelete(route); ok {
-				// 重新入队
-				q.Enqueue(route, msg.(TValue))
+		ackChan := ack.(chan bool)
+		select {
+		case status, exist := <-ackChan:
+			if !exist {
+				q.ack.Delete(route)
+				return
 			}
+
+			if !status {
+				if msg, loaded := q.msgs.LoadAndDelete(route); loaded {
+					// 重新入队
+					q.Enqueue(route, msg.(TValue))
+				}
+			}
+		default:
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/observer/observer.go b/observer/observer.go
index de5c125..c5217fe 100644
--- a/observer/observer.go
+++ b/observer/observer.go
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 package observer
 
-import "reflect"
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"sync"
+)
 
 // Subject 被观察者
 type Subject struct {
 	observers []Observer
 	in        chan any
+	mu        sync.RWMutex
+	once      sync.Once
 }
 
 // Observer 观察者 chan
@@ -18,11 +23,17 @@ func NewSubject() Subject {
 
 // Attach 观察者绑定
 func (s *Subject) Attach(obs ...Observer) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
 	s.observers = append(s.observers, obs...)
 }
 
 // Detach 观察者解绑
 func (s *Subject) Detach(obs Observer) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
 	for i, o := range s.observers {
 		if o == obs {
 			s.observers = append(s.observers[:i], s.observers[i+1:]...)
@@ -34,37 +45,33 @@ func (s *Subject) Detach(obs Observer) {
 
 // Notify 通知观察者
 func (s *Subject) Notify(data any) {
-	// 这里可考虑不需要使用协程运行
-	go s.fanOut(s.in, s.observers)
+	// fanout 只启动一次，避免每次通知重复启动协程
+	s.once.Do(func() {
+		go s.fanOut(s.in)
+	})
+
 	s.in <- data
 }
 
 // fanOut 扇出模式实现
-func (s *Subject) fanOut(ch <-chan interface{}, out []Observer) {
+func (s *Subject) fanOut(ch <-chan interface{}) {
 	// 绑定输入 chan 的 reflect.SelectCase
 	cases := []reflect.SelectCase{
 		{Dir: reflect.SelectRecv, Chan: reflect.ValueOf(ch)},
 	}
 
-	go func() {
-		defer func() {
-			// 退出时关闭所有的输出 chan
-			for _, o := range out {
-				close(o)
-			}
-		}()
-
-		for {
-			_, value, ok := reflect.Select(cases) // 从输入 chan 中读取数据
-			if !ok {
-				// 输入 channel 被关闭
-				return
-			}
-
-			// 输入 channel 接收到数据
-			for _, o := range out {
-				o <- value.Interface() // 放入到输出 chan 中，同步方式
-			}
+	for {
+		_, value, ok := reflect.Select(cases) // 从输入 chan 中读取数据
+		if !ok {
+			// 输入 channel 被关闭
+			return
 		}
-	}()
+
+		// 输入 channel 接收到数据
+		s.mu.RLock()
+		for _, o := range s.observers {
+			o <- value.Interface() // 放入到输出 chan 中，同步方式
+		}
+		s.mu.RUnlock()
+	}
 }
diff --git a/query_builder/service_test.go b/query_builder/service_test.go
index 4158474..1f74fc4 100644
--- a/query_builder/service_test.go
+++ b/query_builder/service_test.go
@@ -4,10 +4,11 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
+
+	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 type TestEntity struct {
@@ -34,11 +35,11 @@ type TestService struct {
 func (s *TestService) GetFilter(_ context.Context) (any, error) {
 	return func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
 		if s.filter.Name != "" {
-			db.Where("name = ?", s.filter.Name)
+			db = db.Where("name = ?", s.filter.Name)
 		}
 
 		if s.filter.Age > 0 {
-			db.Where("age >= ?", s.filter.Age)
+			db = db.Where("age >= ?", s.filter.Age)
 		}
 
 		return db
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ func TestQueryList(t *testing.T) {
 		ctx context.Context,
 		builder *builder[TestEntity],
 		next func(context.Context,
-	) ([]*TestEntity, int64, error)) ([]*TestEntity, int64, error) {
+		) ([]*TestEntity, int64, error)) ([]*TestEntity, int64, error) {
 		defer func() func() {
 			pre := time.Now()
 			return func() {
diff --git a/query_builder/utils.go b/query_builder/utils.go
index 0261e3c..a589085 100644
--- a/query_builder/utils.go
+++ b/query_builder/utils.go
@@ -8,14 +8,19 @@ import (
 
 // WaitAndGo 等待所有函数执行完毕
 func WaitAndGo(fn ...func() error) error {
-	defer func() {
-		if err := recover(); err != nil {
-			fmt.Printf("Panic: %+v\n %s", err, string(debug.Stack()))
-		}
-	}()
 	var g errgroup.Group
 	for _, f := range fn {
-		g.Go(func() error {
+		if f == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		g.Go(func() (err error) {
+			defer func() {
+				if r := recover(); r != nil {
+					err = fmt.Errorf("panic: %+v\n%s", r, string(debug.Stack()))
+				}
+			}()
+
 			return f()
 		})
 	}
diff --git a/routine/options.go b/routine/options.go
index 2b9850a..a66a8fc 100644
--- a/routine/options.go
+++ b/routine/options.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ func loadOptions(opt ...Option) options {
 	opts := options{
 		workers:  1,
 		capacity: 1,
+		taskFn:   func(T) {},
 	}
 
 	for _, o := range opt {
@@ -49,7 +50,9 @@ func WithCapacity(capacity int) Option {
 // WithTaskFn 设置任务函数
 func WithTaskFn(taskFn func(T)) Option {
 	return func(o *options) {
-		o.taskFn = taskFn
+		if taskFn != nil {
+			o.taskFn = taskFn
+		}
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/semaphore/semaphore.go b/semaphore/semaphore.go
index 88cf5f6..57d3d3c 100644
--- a/semaphore/semaphore.go
+++ b/semaphore/semaphore.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package semaphore
 import (
 	"container/list"
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"sync"
 )
 
@@ -25,6 +26,13 @@ func NewSemaphore(n int64) *Semaphore {
 }
 
 func (s *Semaphore) Acquire(ctx context.Context, n int64) error {
+	if n <= 0 {
+		if n == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return errors.New("semaphore: negative acquire")
+	}
+
 	done := ctx.Done()
 
 	s.mu.Lock()
@@ -103,7 +111,7 @@ func (s *Semaphore) notifyWaiters() {
 			break // 没有等待者
 		}
 
-		w := next.Value.(waiter)
+		w := next.Value.(*waiter)
 		if s.size-s.cur < w.n {
 			// 没有足够的资源满足下一个等待者
 			// 没有必要继续唤醒后续等待者，防止有等待者处于饥饿状态
@@ -117,6 +125,13 @@ func (s *Semaphore) notifyWaiters() {
 }
 
 func (s *Semaphore) Release(n int64) {
+	if n <= 0 {
+		if n == 0 {
+			return
+		}
+		panic("semaphore: negative release")
+	}
+
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	s.cur -= n // 释放 n 个资源
 
@@ -130,6 +145,10 @@ func (s *Semaphore) Release(n int64) {
 }
 
 func (s *Semaphore) TryAcquire(n int64) bool {
+	if n <= 0 {
+		return n == 0
+	}
+
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	// 检查当前可用资源是否足够，并且还没有等待者
 	success := s.size-s.cur >= n && s.waiters.Len() == 0
diff --git a/semaphore/semaphore_chan.go b/semaphore/semaphore_chan.go
index 0082301..522e6e3 100644
--- a/semaphore/semaphore_chan.go
+++ b/semaphore/semaphore_chan.go
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 package semaphore
 
-import "sync"
-
 type SemaChan struct {
-	sync.Locker
 	sem chan struct{} // 信号量通道
 }
 
@@ -11,13 +8,18 @@ func NewSemaChan(n int) *SemaChan {
 	if n <= 0 {
 		n = 1 // 确保信号量至少为1，直接变成一个互斥锁
 	}
+	sem := make(chan struct{}, n) // 初始化信号量通道，容量为n
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		sem <- struct{}{}
+	}
+
 	return &SemaChan{
-		sem: make(chan struct{}, n), // 初始化信号量通道，容量为n
+		sem: sem,
 	}
 }
 
 func (s *SemaChan) Lock() {
-	<-s.sem // 使用接收的方式阻塞，用来与 sync.Mutex 的内存模型保持一致
+	<-s.sem
 }
 
 func (s *SemaChan) Unlock() {
diff --git a/ticker/ticker.go b/ticker/ticker.go
index 2bd9197..2d07727 100644
--- a/ticker/ticker.go
+++ b/ticker/ticker.go
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 package ticker
 
-import "time"
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
 
 type Ticker struct {
 	C      chan time.Time
 	ticker *time.Ticker
 	close  chan struct{}
+	start  sync.Once
+	once   sync.Once
 }
 
 func NewTicker(d time.Duration) *Ticker {
@@ -17,20 +22,29 @@ func NewTicker(d time.Duration) *Ticker {
 }
 
 func (t *Ticker) Start() {
-	// 首次直接触发
-	t.C <- time.Now()
-	go func() {
-		for {
-			select {
-			case <-t.close:
-				// 关闭时停止goroutine
-				return
-			case tc := <-t.ticker.C:
-				// 把go原生定时器 push 的时间推送到我们定义的 time channel 中
-				t.C <- tc
-			}
+	t.start.Do(func() {
+		// 首次直接触发
+		select {
+		case t.C <- time.Now():
+		default:
 		}
-	}()
+
+		go func() {
+			for {
+				select {
+				case <-t.close:
+					// 关闭时停止goroutine
+					return
+				case tc := <-t.ticker.C:
+					// 把go原生定时器 push 的时间推送到我们定义的 time channel 中
+					select {
+					case t.C <- tc:
+					default:
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+	})
 }
 
 func (t *Ticker) Reset(d time.Duration) {
@@ -38,6 +52,8 @@ func (t *Ticker) Reset(d time.Duration) {
 }
 
 func (t *Ticker) Stop() {
-	t.ticker.Stop()
-	close(t.close)
+	t.once.Do(func() {
+		t.ticker.Stop()
+		close(t.close)
+	})
 }
diff --git a/ticker/ticker_test.go b/ticker/ticker_test.go
index a6114e7..9f7bb2e 100644
--- a/ticker/ticker_test.go
+++ b/ticker/ticker_test.go
@@ -40,3 +40,17 @@ func TestTicker(t *testing.T) {
 	time.Sleep(3 * time.Second)
 	assert.Equal(t, expected, data)
 }
+
+func TestTickerStartTwice(t *testing.T) {
+	ticker := NewTicker(100 * time.Millisecond)
+	ticker.Start()
+	ticker.Start()
+
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	select {
+	case <-ticker.C:
+	case <-time.After(time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("ticker did not emit tick")
+	}
+}