# 37|前端路由原理:vue-router源码剖析 你好,我是大圣。 上一讲我们学习了下一代Vuex框架Pinia的原理,今天我来带你分析Vue生态中另外一个重要的框架vue-router的源码。 课程中我们也实现过一个迷你的router,我们通过监听路由的变化,把路由数据包裹成响应式对象后,一旦路由发生变化,我们就去定义好的路由数据中查询当前路由对应的组件,在router-view中渲染即可。今天我们就进入到vue-router源码的内部,看一下实际的vue-router和我们实现的迷你版本有什么区别。 ## vue-router入口分析 vue-router提供了createRouter方法来创建路由配置,我们传入每个路由地址对应的组件后,使用app.use在Vue中加载vue-router插件,并且给Vue注册了两个内置组件,router-view负责渲染当前路由匹配的组件,router-link负责页面的跳转。 **我们先来看下createRouter如何实现**,完整的代码你可以在[GitHub](https://github.com/vuejs/vue-router-next/blob/master/src/router.ts#L355)上看到。这个函数比较长,还好我们有TypeScript,我们先看下createRouter的参数。 在下面的代码中,参数RouterOptions是规范我们配置的路由对象,主要包含history、routes等数据。routes就是我们需要配置的路由对象,类型是RouteRecordRaw组成的数组,并且RouteRecordRaw的类型是三个类型的合并。然后返回值的类型Router就是包含了addRoute、push、beforeEnter、install方法的一个对象,**并且维护了currentRoute和options两个属性**。 并且每个类型方法还有详细的注释,这也极大降低了阅读源码的门槛,可以帮助我们在看到函数的类型时就知道函数大概的功能。我们知道Vue中app.use实际上执行的就是router对象内部的install方法,我们先进入到install方法看下是如何安装的。 ```javascript // createRouter传递参数的类型 export interface RouterOptions extends PathParserOptions { history: RouterHistory routes: RouteRecordRaw[] scrollBehavior?: RouterScrollBehavior ... } // 每个路由配置的类型 export type RouteRecordRaw = | RouteRecordSingleView | RouteRecordMultipleViews | RouteRecordRedirect //... other config // Router接口的全部方法和属性 export interface Router { readonly currentRoute: Ref readonly options: RouterOptions addRoute(parentName: RouteRecordName, route: RouteRecordRaw): () => void addRoute(route: RouteRecordRaw): () => void Route(name: RouteRecordName): void hasRoute(name: RouteRecordName): boolean getRoutes(): RouteRecord[] resolve( to: RouteLocationRaw, currentLocation?: RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded ): RouteLocation & { href: string } push(to: RouteLocationRaw): Promise replace(to: RouteLocationRaw): Promise back(): ReturnType forward(): ReturnType go(delta: number): void beforeEach(guard: NavigationGuardWithThis): () => void beforeResolve(guard: NavigationGuardWithThis): () => void afterEach(guard: NavigationHookAfter): () => void onError(handler: _ErrorHandler): () => void isReady(): Promise install(app: App): void } export function createRouter(options: RouterOptions): Router { } ``` ## 路由安装 从下面的代码中我们可以看到,在createRouter的最后,创建了包含addRoute、push等方法的对象,并且install方法内部注册了RouterLink和RouterView两个组件。所以我们可以在任何组件内部直接使用组件,然后注册全局变量$router和$route,其中$router就是我们通过createRouter返回的路由对象,包含addRoute、push等方法,$route使用defineProperty的形式返回currentRoute的值,可以做到和currentRoute值同步。 然后使用computed把路由变成响应式对象,存储在reactiveRoute对象中,再通过app.provide给全局注册了route和reactive包裹后的reactiveRoute对象。我们之前介绍provide函数的时候也介绍了,provide提供的数据并没有做响应式的封装,**需要响应式的时候需要自己使用ref或者reactive封装为响应式对象**,最后注册unmount方法实现vue-router的安装。 ```javascript export function createRouter(options: RouterOptions): Router { .... let started: boolean | undefined const installedApps = new Set() // 路由对象 const router: Router = { currentRoute, addRoute, removeRoute, hasRoute, getRoutes, resolve, options, push, replace, go, back: () => go(-1), forward: () => go(1), beforeEach: beforeGuards.add, beforeResolve: beforeResolveGuards.add, afterEach: afterGuards.add, onError: errorHandlers.add, isReady, // 插件按章 install(app: App) { const router = this // 注册全局组件 router-link和router-view app.component('RouterLink', RouterLink) app.component('RouterView', RouterView) app.config.globalProperties.$router = router Object.defineProperty(app.config.globalProperties, '$route', { enumerable: true, get: () => unref(currentRoute), }) if ( isBrowser && !started && currentRoute.value === START_LOCATION_NORMALIZED ) { // see above started = true push(routerHistory.location).catch(err => { if (__DEV__) warn('Unexpected error when starting the router:', err) }) } const reactiveRoute = {} as { [k in keyof RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded]: ComputedRef< RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded[k] > } for (const key in START_LOCATION_NORMALIZED) { // @ts-expect-error: the key matches reactiveRoute[key] = computed(() => currentRoute.value[key]) } // 提供全局配置 app.provide(routerKey, router) app.provide(routeLocationKey, reactive(reactiveRoute)) app.provide(routerViewLocationKey, currentRoute) const unmountApp = app.unmount installedApps.add(app) app.unmount = function () { installedApps.delete(app) // ... unmountApp() } if ((__DEV__ || __FEATURE_PROD_DEVTOOLS__) && isBrowser) { addDevtools(app, router, matcher) } }, } return router } ``` 路由对象创建和安装之后,我们**下一步需要了解的就是router-link和router-view两个组件的实现方式**。 通过下面的代码我们可以看到,RouterView的setup函数返回了一个函数,这个函数就是RouterView组件的render函数。大部分我们使用的方式就是一个组件,没有slot情况下返回的就是component变量。component使用h函数返回ViewComponent的虚拟DOM,而ViewComponent是根据matchedRoute.components\[props.name\]计算而来。 matchedRoute依赖的matchedRouteRef的计算逻辑在如下代码的第12~15行,数据来源injectedRoute就是上面我们注入的currentRoute对象。 ```javascript export const RouterViewImpl = /*#__PURE__*/ defineComponent({ name: 'RouterView', props: { name: { type: String as PropType, default: 'default', }, route: Object as PropType, }, // router-view组件源码 setup(props, { attrs, slots }) { // 全局的reactiveRoute对象注入 const injectedRoute = inject(routerViewLocationKey)! const routeToDisplay = computed(() => props.route || injectedRoute.value) const depth = inject(viewDepthKey, 0) const matchedRouteRef = computed( () => routeToDisplay.value.matched[depth] ) // 嵌套层级 provide(viewDepthKey, depth + 1) // 匹配的router对象 provide(matchedRouteKey, matchedRouteRef) provide(routerViewLocationKey, routeToDisplay) const viewRef = ref() // 返回的render函数 return () => { const route = routeToDisplay.value const matchedRoute = matchedRouteRef.value const ViewComponent = matchedRoute && matchedRoute.components[props.name] const currentName = props.name if (!ViewComponent) { return normalizeSlot(slots.default, { Component: ViewComponent, route }) } // props from route configuration const routePropsOption = matchedRoute!.props[props.name] const routeProps = routePropsOption ? routePropsOption === true ? route.params : typeof routePropsOption === 'function' ? routePropsOption(route) : routePropsOption : null const onVnodeUnmounted: VNodeProps['onVnodeUnmounted'] = vnode => { // remove the instance reference to prevent leak if (vnode.component!.isUnmounted) { matchedRoute!.instances[currentName] = null } } // 创建需要渲染组件的虚拟dom const component = h( ViewComponent, assign({}, routeProps, attrs, { onVnodeUnmounted, ref: viewRef, }) ) return ( // pass the vnode to the slot as a prop. // h and both accept vnodes normalizeSlot(slots.default, { Component: component, route }) || component ) } }, }) ``` ## 路由更新 到这我们可以看出,RouterView渲染的组件是由当前匹配的路由变量matchedRoute决定的。接下来我们回到createRouter函数中,可以看到matcher对象是由createRouterMatcher创建,createRouterMatcher函数传入routes配置的路由数组,并且返回创建的RouterMatcher对象,内部遍历routes数组,通过addRoute挨个处理路由配置。 ```javascript export function createRouter(options: RouterOptions): Router { const matcher = createRouterMatcher(options.routes, options) ///.... } export function createRouterMatcher( routes: RouteRecordRaw[], globalOptions: PathParserOptions ): RouterMatcher { // matchers数组 const matchers: RouteRecordMatcher[] = [] // matcher对象 const matcherMap = new Map() globalOptions = mergeOptions( { strict: false, end: true, sensitive: false } as PathParserOptions, globalOptions ) function addRoute(){} function remoteRoute(){} function getRoutes(){ return matchers } function insertMatcher(){} function resolve(){} // add initial routes routes.forEach(route => addRoute(route)) return { addRoute, resolve, removeRoute, getRoutes, getRecordMatcher } } ``` 在下面的代码中我们可以看到,addRoute函数内部通过createRouteRecordMatcher创建扩展之后的matcher对象,包括了record、parent、children等树形,可以很好地描述路由之间的嵌套父子关系。这样整个路由对象就已经创建完毕,那我们如何在路由切换的时候寻找到正确的路由对象呢? ```javascript function addRoute( record: RouteRecordRaw, parent?: RouteRecordMatcher, originalRecord?: RouteRecordMatcher ){ if ('alias' in record) { // 标准化alias } for (const normalizedRecord of normalizedRecords) { // ... matcher = createRouteRecordMatcher(normalizedRecord, parent, options) insertMatcher(matcher) } return originalMatcher ? () => { // since other matchers are aliases, they should be removed by the original matcher removeRoute(originalMatcher!) } : noop } export function createRouteRecordMatcher( record: Readonly, parent: RouteRecordMatcher | undefined, options?: PathParserOptions ): RouteRecordMatcher { const parser = tokensToParser(tokenizePath(record.path), options) const matcher: RouteRecordMatcher = assign(parser, { record, parent, // these needs to be populated by the parent children: [], alias: [], }) if (parent) { if (!matcher.record.aliasOf === !parent.record.aliasOf) parent.children.push(matcher) } return matcher } ``` 在vue-router中,路由更新可以通过router-link渲染的链接实现,也可以使用router对象的push等方法实现。下面的代码中,router-link组件内部也是渲染一个a标签,并且注册了a标签的onClick函数,内部也是通过router.replace或者router.push来实现。 ```javascript export const RouterLinkImpl = /*#__PURE__*/ defineComponent({ name: 'RouterLink', props: { to: { type: [String, Object] as PropType, required: true, }, ... }, // router-link源码 setup(props, { slots }) { const link = reactive(useLink(props)) const { options } = inject(routerKey)! const elClass = computed(() => ({ ... })) return () => { const children = slots.default && slots.default(link) return props.custom ? children : h( 'a', { href: link.href, onClick: link.navigate, class: elClass.value, }, children ) } }, }) // 跳转 function navigate( e: MouseEvent = {} as MouseEvent ): Promise { if (guardEvent(e)) { return router[unref(props.replace) ? 'replace' : 'push']( unref(props.to) // avoid uncaught errors are they are logged anyway ).catch(noop) } return Promise.resolve() } ``` 现在我们回到createRouter函数中,可以看到push函数直接调用了pushWithRedirect函数来实现,内部通过resolve(to)生成targetLocation变量。这个变量会赋值给toLocation,然后执行navigate(toLocation)函数。而**这个函数内部会执行一系列的导航守卫函数**,最后会执行finalizeNavigation函数完成导航。 ```javascript function push(to: RouteLocationRaw | RouteLocation) { return pushWithRedirect(to) } function replace(to: RouteLocationRaw | RouteLocationNormalized) { return push(assign(locationAsObject(to), { replace: true })) } // 路由跳转函数 function pushWithRedirect( to: RouteLocationRaw | RouteLocation, redirectedFrom?: RouteLocation ): Promise { const targetLocation: RouteLocation = (pendingLocation = resolve(to)) const from = currentRoute.value const data: HistoryState | undefined = (to as RouteLocationOptions).state const force: boolean | undefined = (to as RouteLocationOptions).force // to could be a string where `replace` is a function const replace = (to as RouteLocationOptions).replace === true const toLocation = targetLocation as RouteLocationNormalized return (failure ? Promise.resolve(failure) : navigate(toLocation, from)) .catch((error: NavigationFailure | NavigationRedirectError) => isNavigationFailure(error) ? error : // reject any unknown error triggerError(error, toLocation, from) ) .then((failure: NavigationFailure | NavigationRedirectError | void) => { failure = finalizeNavigation( toLocation as RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded, from, true, replace, data ) triggerAfterEach( toLocation as RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded, from, failure ) return failure }) } ``` 在下面的代码中我们可以看到,finalizeNavigation函数内部通过routerHistory.push或者replace实现路由跳转,并且更新currentRoute.value。 currentRoute就是我们在install方法中注册的全局变量$route,每次页面跳转currentRoute都会更新为toLocation,在任意组件中都可以通过$route变量来获取当前路由的数据,**最后在handleScroll设置滚动行为**。 routerHistory在createRouter中通过option.history获取,就是我们创建vue-router应用时通过createWebHistory或者createWebHashHistory创建的对象。createWebHistory返回的是HTML5的history模式路由对象,createWebHashHistory是Hash模式的路由对象。 ```javascript function finalizeNavigation( toLocation: RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded, from: RouteLocationNormalizedLoaded, isPush: boolean, replace?: boolean, data?: HistoryState ): NavigationFailure | void { const isFirstNavigation = from === START_LOCATION_NORMALIZED const state = !isBrowser ? {} : history.state if (isPush) { if (replace || isFirstNavigation) routerHistory.replace( toLocation.fullPath ) else routerHistory.push(toLocation.fullPath, data) } // accept current navigation currentRoute.value = toLocation handleScroll(toLocation, from, isPush, isFirstNavigation) markAsReady() } function markAsReady(err?: any): void { if (ready) return ready = true setupListeners() readyHandlers .list() .forEach(([resolve, reject]) => (err ? reject(err) : resolve())) readyHandlers.reset() } ``` 下面的代码中我们可以看到,createWebHashHistory和createWebHistory的实现,内部都是通过useHistoryListeners实现路由的监听,通过useHistoryStateNavigation实现路由的切换。useHistoryStateNavigation会返回push或者replace方法来更新路由,这两个函数你可以在[GitHub](https://github.com/vuejs/vue-router-next/blob/master/src/history/html5.ts#L57)上自行学习。 ```javascript export function createWebHashHistory(base?: string): RouterHistory { base = location.host ? base || location.pathname + location.search : '' // allow the user to provide a `#` in the middle: `/base/#/app` if (!base.includes('#')) base += '#' return createWebHistory(base) } export function createWebHistory(base?: string): RouterHistory { base = normalizeBase(base) const historyNavigation = useHistoryStateNavigation(base) const historyListeners = useHistoryListeners( base, historyNavigation.state, historyNavigation.location, historyNavigation.replace ) function go(delta: number, triggerListeners = true) { if (!triggerListeners) historyListeners.pauseListeners() history.go(delta) } const routerHistory: RouterHistory = assign( { // it's overridden right after location: '', base, go, createHref: createHref.bind(null, base), }, historyNavigation, historyListeners ) Object.defineProperty(routerHistory, 'location', { enumerable: true, get: () => historyNavigation.location.value, }) Object.defineProperty(routerHistory, 'state', { enumerable: true, get: () => historyNavigation.state.value, }) return routerHistory } ``` ## 总结 以上就是今天的主要内容,我们来总结一下。 这节课我们进入到vue-router的源码中分析了vue-router内部的执行逻辑,其实我们之前课上已经实现了迷你的vue-router,在掌握了前端路由实现的原理后,再来看实际的vue-router源码难度会下降不少。 首先我们分析了createRouter函数入口函数,createRouter函数返回了router对象,router对象提供了addRoute、push等方法,并且在install方法中实现了路由,注册了组件router-link和router-view。 然后通过createRouterMatcher创建路由匹配对象,并且在路由变化的时候维护currentRoute,让你可以在每个组件内部$router和$route获取路由匹配的数据,并且动态渲染当前路由匹配的组件到router-view组件内部,实现了前端的路由系统。 这一讲我们也能感受到,一个玩具的router和实际的vue-router的距离,也能体会到TypeScript在我们阅读代码时的好处。我们阅读源码的目的之一,就是要学习和模仿优秀框架内部的设计思路,然后去优化自己项目中的代码,学会模仿也是一个优秀程序员的优秀品质。 ## 思考 最后留给你一个思考题,navigate函数负责执行路由守卫的功能,你知道它的内部是如何实现的吗? 欢迎在评论区分享你的答案,我们下一讲再见!